“Do this in Remembrance of Me” – Artist Greg Olson
The Prophetic Implications of the Passover, and the Hebrew Festival Cycle
Looking backwards towards the Redemption during the Exodus –
Looking forward towards the Restoration by the Messiah
Robert D. Mock MD
Passover Seder – April 9, 2001
Re-edited May 2007
Topics
The Last Supper, the eve of the 14th of Nisan
Trial and Crucifixion of Yahshua (Jesus) on the 14th of Nisan
Passover High Sabbath and the Resurrection Day
Chronology of the Passion Week
Problems Solved with the Model of Yahshua Literally Fulfilling the Role of the Passover Lamb
The Spring Festival Cycle and the Life, Ministry, and Death of Yahshua
Problems Solved with the Model of Yahshua Literally Fulfilling the Role of the Divine Passover Lamb
It was on eve of the 14th of Nisan, Jesus met with his disciples in the Upper Room which stood over the Tomb of David. This supper was a rehearsal supper for the Passover Seder to be done after the slaying of the Lambs on the afternoon of the 14th of Nisan, and to be eaten on the eve of the 15th of Nisan, the Passover Seder. It was here Yahshua instituted the Last Supper’s commemorative rites. Was the Last Supper a Passover Sedar? In the opinion of this author, it was not unless the evidence concedes that the Last Supper was an Essene seder. The evidence suggests that they were discussing and preparing for the Sedar. What is the evidence?
1. On the table in the Upper Terrace, there was no evidence of a Passover lamb, but this could have been an Essene Passover on Wednesday.
2. During the Last Supper, Yahshua sopped the bread suggesting that it was leavened. Neither does it specifically state that it was unleavened bread. All through the gospels there are specific references when the rules of the halakhah or the rules on how to observe the Mosaic law were followed. There is no such mention here.
3. Jesus gave the last piece of leavened sopped bread to Judas. This suggests that Judas was the leavening in the disciples. He was the contaminated one. Maybe this was a ceremony to clean the house and get rid of Chametz (leavening). When Judas left, the Chametz (leavening) was gone.
4. Of the four gospels, John was an eyewitness. As a Levite or intimately known to the House of Ananas, he stated, “now before the feast of the Passover”. Yet, this Passover Seder could have been again an Essene seder, that was celebrated without the Korban Lamb. (John 13:1-20)
5. Pilgrims were already purified by this time by immersing in their mikvah baths, so the washing of feet would not have been performed on the Passover. The washing of feet could have been a symbolic mikvah, to occur prior to the Passover.
6. When Yahshua gave Judas the sopped bread and he exited, "some (the other disciples) thought that, because Judas had the money box, Yahshua was telling him. "Buy what we need for the feast". (John 13:29)
The Temple of Herod – EBible of the Temple Model
7. According to Mark and Luke, they wrote, “And before the first day of Chag Matzoth (Feast of Unleavened Bread), when they killed the Pesach (Passover lamb), His talmidim (disciples) said to Him, ‘Where do You desire that we go and prepare so that you may eat the Pesach?’” (Mark 14:12-16, Luke 22:7-13 Restoration Scripture)
To understand the Hebrew mindset, we can see even to this day where an orthodox rabbi will meet on the day before the Passover with His students and conduct a training lesson on the Passover Seder. In the Lubavitch rabbinic movement they gather together the night before the Passover for what they call the “Moschiach’s Supper”. Many rabbis consider this meal being a Pesach meal even though it comes before the actual Passover. We must ask again, was this an actually a rehearsal supper for Passover which was to come on the next eve?
The orthodox Passover Seder had four cups to remind us of the four words for redemption in Torah:
First cup - God “Freed” us. Here we see the “Type” as when the “Exodus” by the Israelites from their exile in Egypt occurred. Here Type met “anti-Type”, when we see the “Exodus of the Lost Tribes of Israel, lost in the nations of the gentiles since their exile by the Assyrian invasion in 702 BCE, now returning to the land of their fathers with the redemption of the House of Joseph.
Third cup - God shall “Redeem” us” us and make a Covenant with us. Here we see in the “Type” the God of Israel descending down upon Mount Sinai. He redeemed His chosen ones and then made a declaration at that time of the Covenant between He and the Children of Israel. Here Type met “anti-Type”, when Yahshua, the Yahweh Elohim (“God of Israel”), who was the Son of the Father, and descended down from the World of the Divine in the incarnated form of a babe called Yahshua and declared a reNewed Covenant (Brit Hadassah (Renewal of the Covenant) with His disciples (talmidim). Let us not forget, this reNewed Covenant was to go first to the Lost Sheep of the House of Israel. Many of us today are part of those Lost Sheep.
Fifth cup was set for the Prophet Elijah – The prophet Elijah is expected by the Jews to return and announce (future) the coming of the messianic age. No one will know this message until announced by Elijah according to the Rabbanim.
The “Type” of Elijah the greatest of the prophets met his “anti-Type” when Yohannes (John) the Baptiser came with the mantle of authority of Elijah the Prophet, with his voice crying in the wilderness proclaiming the message, “Prepare you the Way of the Lord.” Yet, John the Baptist was only one anti-Type that will be repeated at the time of the end when there will be two; the two witnesses. (Revelation 11 and Malachi 4:5) Will these two witnesses be the return of; Moses, the Great Lawgiver and Elijah, the Great Prophet or will it be; Daniel, the apocalyptic prophet of the TaNaKh (Old Testament) or the Apostolic Prophet John the Revelator in the Brit Hadassah (reNewed Testament)?
In the Last Supper only one cup was mentioned. This was the third cup, the cup of redemption and while Yahshua was giving His chosen disciples the essence of the reNewal of the Covenant (Brit Hadassah), He stated that as they were drinking of the 3rd cup, the cup of redemption, at the Last Supper;
Matthew 26:29 - “But, I say to you, I will not drink of this fruit of the vine from now on until that day when I drink it new with you in My Father’s kingdom."
Will the 4th cup be shared with His followers when Yahshua returns to install the “kingdom of God” in the future? Was Yahshua staging the idea that the Lord’s Supper and the Passover have a future prophetic application? Will Yahshua drink the 4th cup, when He comes to bring the Kingdom of God to a living reality in our three dimensional or maybe to our fourth dimensional world in the future?
Trial and Crucifixion of Yahshua (Jesus) on the 14th of Nisan
in the upper corner of the extreme right. – The Preterist Central
The eve of the 14th day of Nisan, the day before the traditional Passover, Yahshua, after the Last Supper in the House with an Upper Terrace, He spent a good part of the early evening with His disciples giving them His last and final instructions and teachings. Then Yahshua and His disciples went down Mount Zion on the pathway near the residence of the high priests, into the Hinnom Valley as they headed across the Kidron to the garden district near the Village of Geshemonim where He spent the evening in agony in the Garden at Gat Shemen. There he felt the withdrawing forces of His Father in heaven as the powers of evil enclosed around him. He must now walk alone, trusting in complete submission that his mission was complete. There, Yahshua awaited his captors.
Captured by the temple security guard under the authority of the high priest, Yahshua was captured in the Garden of Gethsemane under the accusation of a “kiss” by his own disciple, Judas Ischariot. He was taken to the palace of the High Priest, Ananus the Elder in the midst of the night to face His accusers as they interrogated Him, seeking to find charges for His death. At daybreak, He was taken to the Sanhedrin for trial and only under the accusation of blasphemy by Caiphas the high priest, he was condemned to die. There Yahshua was sent to the Roman Praetorium, where He stood in the judgment seat of Pilate, who deferred Yahshua’s fate to Herod in the Herodium Palace and then back to the Praetorium, where Pontius Pilate washed his hands of this whole travesty of justice.
This was the preparation day for the Passover. The High Priest and the participating order of the cohanim (priests) were in an uncomfortable position. If they stepped into a defiled place, such as a Roman civil court, they would be defiled and unable to participate in the preparation of the Passover sacrifices.
This concern for the defilement of the High Priest was in reference to the preparation of the sacrifices of the Passover Lambs. Since the weekly 7th day Sabbath did not have a sacrifice, the concern for defilement was not in reference to this day, since Passover nor the first day of the Festival of First Fruits was not on the 7th day weekly Shabbat.
The traditional pictures of Jesus’ trial in the Roman Praetorium is seeing Pilate interrogating Jesus and walking outside to question the chief priests and rulers, and then returning back to interrogate Jesus. Yahshua was not complicit in helping by presenting evidence for a civil criminal to be killed. Finally in desperation, Pilate threatened Christ;
Matthew - “’Do you not know that I have power to release you and power to crucify you?’ But Jesus answered him, ‘You would have no power over me unless it had been given you from above.’” Meanwhile Pilate’s wife gave him a quick account of a vision she had during the prior night with the warning, “Have nothing to do with this just man.”
In the Temple, the priests were in full production of preparing the sacrificial lambs for the pilgrims. The morning sacrificial lamb had been completed. Now with the altar fires in full production, thousands of lambs were moved across the altar and roasted for the evening sedars for the tens of thousands of family units in the city.
The Temple of Herod – The Temple Institute
Back at the Governor’s court, Pilate, as though he had no control of his own volition cried out, “I find no fault in him.” Jesus was found blameless.
At the same moment, the High Priest, Caiphas, in the Temple with the Passover Lamb, cried out, “I find no blame with the lamb.” The lamb was then lead to the slaughtering area, while Yahshua was taken out of the Praetorium to be taken to the mount crest called Golgotha hill to die. In route, the crossbar was thrown across his shoulder, like Isaac carried his own wood for the altar, and there Yahshua walked out to the peak of Mount Moriah.
Back in the Temple, the Passover Lamb was being bound for slaughter, while on the rocky ledge called, Golgotha, Yahshua was being bound upon the wooden tree. It was closing in on the ninth hour for the sacrifice of the Passover Lamb. Darkness pervaded across the whole land. The elements were silenced. Even the forces of nature waited in anticipation.
The High Priest near the hot ovens turned to a cohanim and stated, “I thirst”. Yahshua on the cross called down to the guards stating, “I thirst.” Then, as the High Priest raised his hand and struck the knife into the heart of the Lamb, he cried out, “It is finished”!, outside on the hillside of Moriah, which looked like the image of a skull, Yahshua heaved a mighty gasp and cried out, “It is finished”.
In the presence of the disciple (talmidim) He loved, the Apostle John, His spirit, like the dove, which descended upon Him at Jordan, once witnessed by another John the Baptizer, was witnessed as it left Him, by another John called the Beloved.
John 19:30 – “He said, “It is finished!” And bowing His head, He gave up His spirit.”
The bowels of the earth began to rumble, the towers of the city walls began to shake, the ground began to heave, and the tombs on the side of the Mount of Olives were rent open. The Temple curtain which lay between the Holy and the Most Holy Place shredded from top to bottom, when the great lintel that held the curtain broke and fell to the pavement below. The Holy of Holiest lay empty. The presence of the Almighty One of Israel was gone. From this day forward “Omens” pervaded across the land of Israel until the temple was destroyed forty years later in 70 CE.
The Heavenly Fire Lighting the Great Altar in Front of the Temple of Solomon – The Temple Institute
Action was moving quickly, the guards quickly went to inspect the three hanging on the crosses. With sixty pound steel bars, they quickly smashed the legs of the revolutionary brigands against the crosses. The femurs splintered into a bone multiple fragments. The femoral artery began to spurt pulsing blood. The “thieves” were removed while the blood slowly drained their life away.
The Roman centurion, coming to Jesus saw Him lying limp and lifeless on the tree. He plunged a spear into His aorta. The serum and the hemoglobin had already separated and what appeared to be “blood and water” poured out upon an earthquake rent fissure and dribbled into the mountainside.
Back in the Temple, in the midst of the earthquake, the lambs were quickly removed from the ovens while Yahshua’s body was removed from the execution tree to the Garden Tomb.
On the Temple Mount, the eve of the 15th day of Nisan, the cohanim were quickly removing all the lambs and distributing them to the families, who were holding Passover Sedars. At that time a rich nobleman, Joseph of Arimathea, who was a member of the Roman Provincial Council of Judea, an esteemed Elder of the Jewish Sanhedrin and sat on the hereditary seat of David, was removing the body of Yahshua along with the wealthy Pharisee Nicodemus.
Once the barley is brought to the Temple Courtyard, priests beat, roast, grind, and sift the grain.
A handful of the resulting flour is burned on the altar. The remainder is eaten by the priests. – The Temple Institute
There was one vital nugget of information. Joseph of Arimathea was the brother to the father of Jesus’ mother, Miriam, and the great uncle to Yahshua HaMaschiach (Jesus the Messiah). Together, Joseph and Nicodemus took the body of Yahshua and placed Him in a newly cut family tomb.
All was quiet in Jerusalem on that Passover evening as the families of the Jewish people celebrated the Passover, on the eve the 15th of Aviv (Abib) in their homes under the shining light of the full moon. For three and a half days, the Passover celebration continued, until the first day, Sunday, the day after the Seventh-day Shabbat, when at the setting of the sun, of the 18th day of Aviv, the priests of the temple went out to the valley in front of the Mount of Olives to collect the barley for the “Offering of First Fruits” that were to be waved before the altar early the next morning.
Here was an interim period of time in which “time stood still”. Between the eve of the Passover, on whatever day it occurred, until the first day of the Sacrifice of the First Fruits on the first day of the Festival of Unleavened Bread was an undisclosed period of time.
The “sacrifice” and “festival” could not begin until the sun had set on the western horizon and three stars were seen in the darkness of the heavens that occurred on the “first day” after the seventh-day Shabbat of the Passover weekend. The fact that Yahshua (Jesus) was in the tomb from Wednesday evening (eve of Thursday) until Saturday evening (eve of Sunday), the first day, made this Passover celebration an extra three and one-half days until the “Counting of the Omer” could begin on the first day after the seventh-day Shabbat of Passover.
As the pilgrims were heading home from celebrating the seventh-day Shabbat in the temple of Herod, a group of cohanim was exiting the Eastern Gate and crossing over the causeway of the Red Heifer to the Mount of Olives. There in the Field of Ashes they placed cords around ten selected sheaves of barley to be harvested after sundown on the evening after the Shabbat (the weekly Sabbath).
If the Passover Sabbath, which was a floating Sabbath, occurred in the “midst of the week”, the barley would not be harvested the next day, but after the weekly Shabbat, and the setting of the sun three days later. If the Passover Sabbath was on Friday, followed by a weekly Sabbath, the next day, then the barley was harvested on the evening of the weekly Sabbath, the eve of the Festival Sabbath of Unleavened Bread.
As the sun was setting in the western sky, at the end of the weekly Shabbat, the priests (cohanim) in the field of barley and in the presence of observers heard a priest cry out, “Has the sun set?” The harvesting cohanim would cry out, “Yes, the sun has set.” Then the priest would cry out, “Would you harvest the barley?”, in which they would echo, “Yes, we will harvest the barley.” Then the priest would say, “With a sickle?”, they would reply, “Yes, with a sickle.” Then finally, the priest called out, “Have you put it in a basket?”, and the harvesting cohanim in the settling darkness would cry out, “Yes, we have put it in a basket.” According to recently discovered documents from the 1st century Temple era, the drama of the first fruits harvest was thus enacted. With the barley harvested, the priests spent the evening in preparation of processing the barley for the waving of the sheaf of barley before the Lord.
Passover High Sabbath and the Resurrection Day
As the Apostle John stated, this day, the 14th of Nisan was the preparation day for Passover that was to occur on the eve of a festival Shabbath (Sabbath). In as much as the eve of the 15th of Nisan was the night of a full moon, it would have been any day of the week. Yet the next evening, the eve of the 16th of Nisan was not necessarily the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread.
The Feast of Unleavened Bread lasted for seven days. The festival opened with a festival Shabbat (Sabbath) and closed with a festival Shabbat (Sabbath) day. This festival Passover Shabbat was also a known as “a high Sabbath” (John 19:31) which designated it as a different Shabbat than the weekly seventh-day Sabbath.
Except for the wishes of Christian Roman Orthodoxy, who desired that this would be a seventh day Sabbath to justify the sanctity of the Sunday resurrection or the desires of Christian Sabbatarians, like Seventh-day Adventists who found great comfort that Jesus rested on the Sabbath day as justification for the Shabbat rest, there is no real data to suggest that the 15th day of Nisan was a Seventh-day weekly Sabbath. We do know that Yahshua’s body was last witnessed on the evening of the 14th day of Nisan when placed in the Garden Tomb. The tomb was later found empty on the early morning of the 1st day of the week which was after the weekly seventh-day Shabbat. We do not know if the morning of the 1st day after the weekly Sabbath was the 16th of Nisan.
Let us relook again at the evidence. Was the prophet Daniel trying to tell us something, when he stated, that a “type” would be dramatized at the death of Yahshua (Jesus) in a literal manner, which will be portrayed in a prophetic ‘anti-type’ at the time of the end. It was the Jewish prophet and Minister of State of Babylon, Daniel, who said,
Daniel 9:27 - “He shall confirm the covenant with many for one week: and in the midst of the week, he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease.”
In literal time, this text of Daniel suggests that in the midst of the week, was the third day or Wednesday when, “He caused the sacrifice and the oblation to cease.” This no doubt literally became true as there was a great earthquake, the curtain or veil that separated the Holy Place from the Holiest of Holy was rent from top to bottom when the giant lintel that held the curtain broke. From the empty chamber of the Most Holy Place, the interior was exposed to all the priest and observers. The Holy One of Israel was gone.
The temple itself was structurally damaged so much that after this day, the Chamber of Hewn Stones which stood only yards away was so damaged that the Sanhedrin had to select a new location for their august proceedings. There was no doubt chaos throughout the temple proper. What were they to do? Even the altar of incense could have been damaged.
Chronology of the Passion Week
With this light and looking at the event on each day of the Passion Week prior to the death of Yahshua, we observe the following:
“Wherever He leads Me” – Painting by Greg Olsen
Problems Solved with the Model of Yahshua
Literally Fulfilling the Role of the Passover Lamb
1. The prophecy of Jesus dying in the midst of the seven day weekly cycle in Daniel 9:27 would be literally fulfilled.
Daniel 9:27 - “He shall confirm the covenant with many for one week: and in the midst of the week, he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease.”
Yahshua began his covenant with His people on the Sabbath, when He rode into city as Yahshua, the King of the Jews, on the 10th of Nisan. This covenant with His people was completed with the sacrifice of the Divine Lamb of God at the end of the Sabbath (sundown) on the 17th of Nisan. In the midst of the week, the sacrifice and oblations ceased, when the temple lintel fell and the curtain was torn from top to bottom between the Holy and the Most Holy Places.
2. The prophecy of Jesus fulfilling the prophecy of Jonah, lying in the belly of the Whale (earth) for three days and three nights, was being literally fulfilled from the 15th to the 17th of Nisan.
3. Yahshua observing the Last Supper as preparatory Passover Seder and drank only the 3rd cup, the Cup of Redemption and the reNewal of the Covenant. He proclaimed that He would not participate in the actual Passover Seder until He returns to drink the 4th cup with his followers.
4. Yahshua literally fulfilling the selection of the Lamb ceremony by his triumphal entry into Jerusalem.
5. Yahshua literally fulfilling the inspection of the Passover Lamb for 4 days, during His time of ministry in the Temple plus the day of trial and crucifixion.
6. Yahshua literally fulfilling the final inspection of the Passover Lamb by His trial and found blameless as the Passover lamb was found without blemish.
7. Yahshua literally fulfilling the sacrifice of the Passover Lamb through His death as the Lamb of God.
8. Yahshua resting in the grave on the Passover Shabbat, the High Sabbath – Day 1 in the tomb..
9. Yahshua resting in the grave on the preparatory day for the weekly Seventh-day Sabbath – Day 2 in the tomb.
10. Yahshua resting in the grave on the weekly Seventh-day Shabbat, the week of days Shabbat – Day 3 in the tomb.
11. Jesus resurrected at the end of the weekly Shabbat, and transformed to a glorified body like the idealized Adam, called Adam Kadman.
12. Jesus literally resurrected during the harvesting of the First Fruits as the First Fruit of the Resurrection of those who have died by faith in the Maschiach (Messiah) of Israel.
13. Jesus literally ascending to the Father and taking with Him a group of resurrected ‘first fruits’ of mankind to present to his Father in heaven, like He did on Mount Sinai, when He returned to His heavenly, World of the Divine. This first event occurred on the 1st day after the weekly Sabbath during the Festival of Unleavened Bread.
Concerning the resurrection, the traditions are long and imbedded, that Jesus arose from the grave on the first day of the week. As stated above, no disciple witnessed the resurrection of Jesus, so we have no eyewitness accounts. Even the guards at the tomb were asleep. The only account we have is that the tomb was empty on the first day of the week.
What is the significance of this dialogue, the implication is that the very details of the Festival of Passover and the Festival of First Fruits given to Moshe (Moses) on the Mount called Sinai were a detailed enactment of what would an actual moment by moment event predicting the death and resurrection of Yahshua.
According to Rabbi Shaul (Paul),
I Corinthians 15:20 - “But now is Christ risen from the dead, and become the first fruits of them that slept.”
Later Paul wrote,
Colossians 1:18 - “And He is the head of the body, the church: who is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead; that in all things he might have the preeminence.”
Understanding the details of the Festival of Fruit Fruits leads one to suspect that the resurrection of Jesus was actually just after the evening sunset of the weekly seventh-day Sabbath. The great energizing power of the Divine quickened the body of Yahshua and brought him forth from the grave in his glorified body. Many tombs were opened at the time of the earthquake at Yahshua’s death, and:
Matthew 27:52-53 – “Many bodies of the saints who had fallen asleep were raised, and coming out of the tombs after his resurrection, they went into the holy city and appeared too many people.
So the evidence of the harvesting of the first fruits for the Festival of First Fruits very well gives us clues as to the timing of the resurrection of Jesus and those saints which arose with him, the latter as the “first fruits of they that slept.”
Throughout history, we have envisioned the Passover as the event, which commemorates and celebrates HaShem’s (God’s) greatest rescue operation in history. Within this dramatic historical event, the “saving part” or the salvation of God’s people during the Exodus was in the eating of the Korban Pesach (Passover Lamb) and the sprinkling the blood on the doorpost. They did this in faith so that the death angel would “pass-over” them. They were literally saved by the “blood of the lamb.”
We also note that the Israelites did not eat the blood of the lamb, they sprinkled the blood on the upright beam of wood. Out of all the peoples of the world, the Jewish people do not eat nor drink blood, for their food is “kosher” in which there is no blood and neither is the meat roasted or cooked in a cooking utensil that has ever cooked any blood. The Jews refuse to touch the impure contaminants of blood for it defiles the body. Yet of all the nationalities of the peoples of the world, only the Jews are accused of the “blood libel” of drinking the blood of children during the Passover. The first recorded “blood libel” was by the Early Christians as recorded by the classical Grecian author, Apion (1st century CE), that the Jews were sacrificing their Greek victims in the temple. This event occurred many centuries prior to the formation of the Roman Christian Catholic Church in the 4th century.
The first recorded “blood libel” by Muslims in the Damascus Affair of 1840 was also intimately associated with the 1840 Great Awakening in the Eastern United States and Europe. At this time, the first call of the Jewish people to return to the land of Israel was timed to the first call to Christians in America and Europe that Jesus was returning for the second time, literally and physically.
As documented in the BibleSearcher article, “The Wilderness Tabernacle: How God speaks with the Saints at the Time of the End”, it records:
BibleSearchers Reflections – “And then it happened. It was February, 1840 in Damascus Syria. A Capuchin friar and his servant were killed in the city of Damascus and that day burned in the hearts of Jews around the world and became one of the most pivotal days in Jewish history called the “Damascus Affair”. Immediately and abruptly the medieval blood libel was resurrected. The local Jews were charged with the murder of the friar so that the Jews could use his blood in the preparation of their Passover Seders.
The Turkish Christian community was swift and brutal in their investigation. The Jewish males were rounded up and tortured until a Jewish barber, Solomon Negrin under torture confessed and named others, who confessed and named others and on and on and on. Sixty three Jewish children “held as hostages until their mothers revealed the hiding-place of the blood.” (Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews, p. 322) The Jewish mind was never the same after that. “The Time of their Judgment had come”
After 1840, the call to return to the land of Israel kept getting louder and louder until out of the ashes of the Holocaust they finally listened to their God. After 1840, the call to return back to the Torah given to their fathers kept getting louder and louder until the authentic orthodox follower of the God of Israel became a forceful entity in the life of the Jewish people. They were needed to pave the pathway for the coming of the messiah. The “Land” must be ready. Jerusalem and Zion must be ready. They would be a beacon, a lighthouse near the stormy sea, for the gentiles and their lost brethren, the “Lost Tribes of the House of Israel.” “The Time of their Judgment had come.”
What we now can visualize is that Yahshua (Jesus) literally fulfilled the entire drama of the selection, inspection, affirmation of the lamb’s perfection (I find no fault in him!), slaughter and crucifixion (It is finished!), and then the eating of the Passover Lamb, (pure and unleavened), as “I am the Lamb of God’, and ‘I am the Bread of Life’.
Is this the complete understanding of the Passover? I don’t think so. Let us look at the cycle of the Passover symbolism. A wave cycle begins at its original point. At the middle of the cycle, (in the midst of the week), it now begins to recycle back to its original point. The wave cycle of the Passover, began with an Exodus, in the middle of the cycle the Passover Lamb was literally fulfilled in the death of the Lamb of God. As the wave cycle completes the end of the cycle, there will be another Exodus from Exile. The First Exodus was the Children of Israel, the Second Exodus will be the Lost Sheep of the House of Israel. The cycle of redemption will then be over.
The Spring Festival Cycle and the Life, Ministry, and Death of Yahshua
Let us revisit the Passover. The cycle began during the Exodus from Egypt about 1550 BCE. This exodus and redemption met it’s fulfillment at the Cross (midst of the week). We now recognize that the original Exodus was only a reenactment or a drama of the final Exodus when HaShem (God of Israel) will restore this earth to a literal Kingdom of God. Will the Festivals of the Lord be literally fulfilled at the time of the time? There is evidence that this cycle may be true and valid. Let us review the evidence.
The Spring Festivals can be now seen as a literal fulfillment of the birth, ministry and the final week of the Passion of our Lord which culminated in His death, resurrection, and ascension. This was the first coming of the Jewish Maschiach, the Maschiach ben Yosef. Let us look at a few of the typologies.
Festival of Pentecost (Shavu’ot) – The Conception of John the Baptist - It was during the festival of Shavu’ot, the celebration when the God of Israel gave the Torah to the Israelites on the Mount called Sinai, the announcement by the archangel for the nations of the world, Gabriel, to the priest Zachariah that “soon after” his wife would conceive with the anointed one who would carry the mantle of Elijah: John the Baptizer. Six months later:
Festival of Lights (Hanukkah) – The Conception of Yahshua ben Yosef - Six months later, we learn of another announcement by the same archangel, Gabriel. This time Gabriel comes to the young maiden, Mariam, announcing that she would soon conceive with the anointed one as the Maschiach (messiah) of Israel. This conception occurred on the 25th day of Kislev (the Jewish month equivalent to the Roman month of December), on the eve of the 2nd day of Hanukkah, the Festival of Lights, the One who was conceived as the “Light of the World”. Nine months after the Festival of Pentecost, three months after the festival of Hanukkah, we come to the:
Festival of Passover (Pesach) - The Birth of John the Baptizer - On this day, we celebrate the birth of John the Baptist. Is it not fitting that on this day, we also celebrate on the eve of the 15th of Nisan the Passover Seder by placing a 5th cup in memory of Elijah the Prophet and the forerunner of the Messiah, John the Baptist as he carried the mantle of the Elijah message in anticipation of the messiah of Israel. It was the prophet Elijah who was taken to heaven in a chariot (cherubim) and who, it is anticipated, will return at the time of the end as one of the two witnesses of Revelation. Nine months after the festival of Hanukkah, and six months after the festival of Passover, we see:
Festival of Tabernacles (Succot) – The Birth of Yahshua HaMaschiach (Jesus the Messiah) – At the festival that celebrates the day when the God of Israel will come down to dwell (tabernacle) with His people, we celebrate, “Happy Birthday, Yahshua ben Yosef (Jesus the son of Joseph). It was on that day that the babe Yahshua was born in a Succot (temporary shelter) in Bethlehem as His mother and father were celebrating the festival of tabernacles. Yes, they were truly celebrating the day when “God comes to dwell (tabernacle) among men.” Eight days later:
Simhat Torah (8th day of the Feast of Tabernacles) – The Circumcision of Yahshua (Jesus) and officially given a Name - On this day, as prescribed by the Torah, this young male child was circumcised and given His Name, Yahshua. On this day, He became the fullest manifestation of the Torah, the “Torah in the flesh” or the ‘Living Torah (Torah Chayim) called the ‘Word’. On this day when the priests were dancing with their Torahs at the temple of the Lord and the rabbis were carrying their Torah scrolls in the synagogues of Jerusalem in celebration when the Torah became alive, Yahshua was officially declared a live human babe.
Thirty seven years later:
Festival of Tabernacles (Succot) – Yahshua begins His ministry during the Feast of Succot - On the ninth month, the young rabbi, Yahshua haNotzri (the Nazarene) started His ministry in the midst of the Sabbatical Weeks of years or the seven year Sabbatical Sabbath of years. Three and one-half years later, when all the land in Judea was to lay fallow and the inhabitants of the land were to spend a year in the study of Torah with their rabbi, Yahshua was completing the final year of His ministry and in preparation for its epic conclusion. During the Sabbatical Year (Week of Years) that occurred every seven years, Yahshua went to the Passover and there in the midst of the seven day week, the Drama of the Ages occurred.
Festival of Passover (Pesach) – Yahshua was captured, arraigned, put on trial with the Sanhedrin, condemned to death by the high priest, sent to the Roman Governor for permission to execute Him, hanged on a tree on the Mount of Olives, and three days and three nights later, on the eve of the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, arose from the grave in a glorified Edenic state. - On this festival which officially began when the sliver of the New Moon was sighted over Jerusalem, Yahshua haMoschiach (Jesus the Messiah) literally fulfilled every action of the Pesach lamb from the time they both entered the Damascus Gate into Jerusalem, both were examined for three days, both were proclaimed “without blemish” on the fourth day and both were sacrificed by the temple priests on the 14th day of Nisan.
Waving of the Barleycorn First Fruits – Yahshua arose from the Grave as the First Fruit of the Resurrection - As the barleycorn was harvested just after the setting of the sun, so also the harvesting (resurrection) of Yahshua haMoschiach as the “first fruits of the resurrection” was followed by the resurrection of many Hebrews who became the “first fruits of those who died by faith in haMaschiach (The Messiah)”. For the next forty days:
Forty days of Omer (Preparing for the Giving of the Torah at Sinai) – Forty Days to Prepare for the Arrival of the Holy Spirit - The forty days after the resurrection of Yahshua, included the days when He remained on this earth with His disciples until His ascension into heaven and the preparation time that it took for His disciples to become of “one accord”. This followed the forty days that Yahshua in the Shekinah Cloud of glory that led the children of Israel through the wilderness to the mount called Sinai. This was the forty days that each day became a learning lesson in coming into a relationship with the God of Israel. At the end of the forty days, they were all in ‘oneness” with their God, HaShem, and prepared to make a covenant relationship with Him.
Festival of Pentecost – The Arrival of the Power of the Holy Spirit - After the ascension of Yahshua, the Ruach HaKodesh (Holy Spirit) came upon the talmidim (disciples) of Yahshua (Jesus) when the power of the Spirit of the Holy One of Israel came upon them in cloven tongues of fire in the corridor of the temple.
Hindsight is always more fruitful than foresight. Christians have for centuries been critical of the Jews for not seeing the “signposts” and the “shadow-pictures” that were given to the Hebrews to alert them to the coming of the Maschiach of Israel. What we have learned in a critical historical review of the life and times of Jesus the Nazarene, that the Jewish people did see the signposts and did accept Jesus the Nazarene as their messiah. This fruits of this messianic revival was aborted, not by the Jewish people, but by the temple leadership led by the powerful Sadducean family, the House of Hanan (Ananus the Elder). This history is documented in the series on “The Hebrew Nazarene Ecclesia”.
The gold-plated shofar, (ram's horn), is blown in the Holy Temple on Rosh Hashana. – The Temple Institute
Yet in 1840 there were no Christians who literally believed in the literal coming of the Messiah. Then the Great Awakening came to America and Europe. The final ‘loud cry” began to resound around the world. We still can only see through that prophetic glass darkly today. Yet as more of the followers of the Jewish messiah, Yahshua ben Yosef study the Torah and the festivals of the Lord, that prophetic picture will come into focus more sharply.
Christians today who claim to believe by faith in Jesus the Messiah are lost without the Hebrew “signposts” as revealed in the Torah. As we plow deeper and deeper into the tribulation time foretold by the prophets of Israel and the prophet of the New Covenant of the Nazarenes, terrestrial catastrophes will begin to surround our lives. As we look around us, we realize that most of Christendom, Islam, and Judaism are clueless about where we are going. The delusions surround us that tomorrow will get better but the geo-politics of the world continues to get worse. This haunts all the citizens of this planet earth. Tomorrow will not get better until the Maschiach of Israel comes to claim His own. Let us look at a vignette of how the festivals of the Lord will help the “saints” and the “chosen ones” as tribulation’s clouds get darker and darker.
Rosh Hashanah - The prophecies of John in the Book of Revelation depict the blowing of the 7th and final Shofar just prior to the coming of the Messiah. This very moment of time has been imbedded in the festivals of the Lord as the blowing of the Shofar at Rosh Hashanah, the New Years of the Jewish civil year.
The Ten Days of Awe – After the 7th shofar (trumpet) is blown, the “saints” and the “chosen ones” sealed by the God of Israel will spend ten days of prayer and fasting in preparation for the Day of Judgment. This is a time which they are preparing to be at-one-ment with their Lord just before the arrival of the Great Day of the Lord, the millennium of a messianic age with the Son of the Living God.
Yom Kippur (Day of Judgment and Atonement) – At Yom Kippur, the high priest of Israel entered into the Holiest of the Holy Place where the Shekinah glory of the Eternal One of Israel was present. So also the final act of Yahshua as our high priest in the heavenly tabernacle will enter the Holiest of Holies with the physical evidence of the shedding of His own blood for the remission of our sins. With the final acceptance of the Atonement sacrifice by His Father on the throne of heaven, Yahshua as our high priest, after the order of Melchezadik, will receive the diadem of His Kingship from His Father. He will then leave the Most Holy Place crowned as the “King of kings and Lord of lords” prepared to return to this planet to battle with haSatan (Satan), his angelic forces of darkness, and armies of the nations of this earth who sole interest is domination and complete control of this planet. At this time, the Azazeal goat in Wilderness Sanctuary representing the inter-dimensional binding of Satan will be cast into a wilderness place, the Abyss, for a thousand years. Ten days later:
In the Holy Temple, silver trumpets are used during the Divine service, as well as for announcing the arrival of the Shabbat, the New Moon, the three Festivals, and for other various occasions. – The Temple Institute
Festival of Succot (Tabernacles) - As Yahshua finishes the battle and destruction of the nations that surround Jerusalem, He will come to dwell among His people and begin the celebration ceremony that will be hosted every year for the next millennium when “all nations shall go up the House of the Lord” to celebrate the Feast of Tabernacles. (Zechariah14:16, Isaiah 65,66)
Passover – Eighteen Months before Yom Kippur and the Return of the Messiah
During the last forty two months before the coming of the Messiah, the two witnesses of Revelation will become the protectors of Israel. There are some that consider that the two witnesses are not literal human guardians but are the two testaments; the TaNaKh (Old Testament) and the Brit Hadassah (New Testament). This model is many times inconsistent with its own exegesis, or interpretations of scripture, as sometimes the interpreters jump back and forth between biblical symbolism and literalism. Keeping a literal interpretation of prophetic scripture, the two most prominent concepts about the identity of the two witnesses are; Moses, the Lawgiver and the authority on the Torah with Elijah, the Greatest of the Prophets. Another interpretation suggests that the Old Testament apocalyptic prophet, Daniel, the Prime Minister of Babylon and Persia will be teamed up with John the Revelator, the apocalyptic prophet of the Brit Hadassah (New Testament).
Three and a half-years earlier, regional and global wars had become uncontrollable as the epic east globalist war against the western globalists in the battle between the Ram (Red Internationale globalists backing up Nuclear Iran) and the He-Goat (Golden Internationale of European NATO empowered by the huge aerial power of the United States) in Daniel eight, rises out of the middle of the War against Terror as the King of the North (Christian West) confronts the King of the South (Nations of Islam) in covert and overt military battles. These military engagement are layered over with the culmination of the Gog Magog War and the invasion of a giant military coalition into Israel. The Hand of the Almighty One of Israel will be seen with devastating effect in the final end of the Gog Magog War as the globalists bid to destroy Israel are rebuffed by the direct intervention of HaShem.
During the forty two months of the two witnesses, the seven last plaques begin to fall on this planet, we see Moses calling forth the plagues and Elijah calling down the fire. The ten plagues of Egypt that destroyed the ten prominent gods in the Egyptian pantheon will become the seven last plagues, with seven a number of completeness and finality, on this planet earth.
During this time, during the first four trumpet or vial plagues the forest, trees, grass, crops, cities, water supplies, and oil deposits are destroyed. Whole sectors of this planet are no longer habitable. Also during this time, we see Israel, with the two witnesses, is spared the plagues and is the only country on the earth with intact water supplies, lakes and rivers, with productive farmlands. What is even more amazing is during this time the latter rain will fall upon the Land of Israel and will begin to grow produce with an abundance that has not been seen in thousands of years.
Passover – six months before arrival of the Messiah
There is a vast migration of Jews back to the Land of Israel including a return of people recognized as Children of the House of Joseph (House of Israel). The “Exodus” of the House of Israel from their 2700 year exile scattered across the nations of this earth begins.
Then comes the Forty Days of Omer where the returning lost tribes of the House of Israel will have to be taught again their identity and how they will be assimilated into the land of Israel.
Pentecost – five months before the arrival of the Messiah
The Latter Rain is spiritually poured out over the world. There is a vast return of the Jews and the Assimilated House of Joseph to the faith of Yahshua their Messiah, while there is a huge literal return of the Jewish people in the Diaspora plus large numbers of inhabitants finding their lost Israelite heritage. Is this the time when Yahshua returns to step upon the Mount of Olives and the final catastrophic events begin to remodel the Land of Israel.
The Gihon springs that has brought forth a consistent but meager flow of war suddenly erupts from under the site of the ancient temple now forms a mighty river. It flows towards both the Mediterranean Sea to the west and to the Dead Sea to the east, and eventually to the Euphrates River to the east. (Zechariah 14:4) The Jewish Sanhedrin and the leading rabbanim of Israel meet with Yahshua and recognize Him as their son and their Maschiach (Messiah).
A vast cataclysm in Israel splits the Mount of Olives. The area surrounding the Temple Mount is lifted up and a vast plain levels the land surrounding Jerusalem. The seismic uplift breaks up the oil deposits under the earth. The Arabian oil deposits dry up and vast oil deposits are found in Israel. The world becomes envious and covets the protective hand of the God of Israel upon His people.
Pentecost to Rosh Hashanah, the Blowing of the
Shofar (Last and Seventh Trumpet of the Lord)
The nations of the world gather their armadas to invade Israel. The trumpet and vial plagues 5 and 6 are cast upon this earth. At the sighting of the sliver of the New Moon, the 7th Shofar (trumpet) will resound around the world and this planet is awakened to the heralding of the coming of the Messiah.
The silver-plated shofar, (ram's horn), is blown in the Holy Temple
on fast days.- The Temple Institute
The Ten Days of Awe - Days before the Arrival of the Maschiach of Israel
During the Ten Days of Awe the authentic Jewish citizens will be in prayer and supplication before HaShem their God. The international forces of all the nations of this world will be moving into military readiness in the great land mass surrounding Jerusalem. This plain of Megiddo when the final battle of Armageddon begins may extend all the way to the banks of the Euphrates River in Iraq.
The two witnesses are captured and killed. Their bodies lay exposed in the streets for all the international media to revel in their demise. Suddenly, the two witnesses are resurrected on the third day and are transported to another heavenly dimension as the international news records every event as the international globalist forces consolidate their military hold on the tiny sliver of land called Israel.
The Day of Atonement – The Great Day of the Lord
The Day of Atonement – The forces of HaShem materialize into our three dimensional world soon at or after Yom Kippur. The forces of the anti-Messiah are annihilated by the fire of the glory of retuning Messiah. The Sea Beast (Western Masonic, Illumanist, Jesuit Catholic, and Shabbatean Jewish globalists) along with the Earth Beast (the False Prophet of Islam) are cast into the Lake of Fire. The resurrection of the saints and the chosen ones of Israel are transformed into glorified “light beings” like their fore-parents Adam and Eve and Yahshua has He arose from the grave in His glorified human form.
The Feast of Tabernacles – Jesus comes as the King of Kings
and begins to set up his kingdom
With the forces of Satan destroyed all across the wilderness of the Middle East, the greatest celebration event on this planet earth begins with Succot, the Feast of Tabernacles. Yahshua has now come to “rule with rod of iron” but more than that to dwell and tabernacle with His own people, the “chosen ones of Israel”.
If you were the God of Israel, how would you choose to communicate with man? Outside of overwhelming us with a Mount Sinai experience, or direct visions to His prophets, the most consistent way God speaks to man is in the manifestations of nature and with types and symbols of prophetic history. When we finally graduate in God’s seminar, “Spiritual Types and Symbols 101”, do we think that is all that HaShem wants to teach us? Why is it, that once we find one prophetic fulfillment, we think that this is the whole story? Maybe we are now being exposed to a study of the Love of God that is never fully told nor understood? Maybe it is a story that with every dramatic retelling, a new revelation by God is revealed?
Is all this speculation? Yes! and No! If the God of Israel literally fulfills His plans according to His promise, will He not also give us a blueprint of His plan of salvation? Is this blueprint written in the festivals of the Hebrews? If so, will not these festivals have great value to us as the chosen ones of the Messiah who are awaiting His return to guide us in those perilous moments of earth’s history? Will this not be an era when reality and non-reality along with righteousness and evil will appear so similar that “even the elect” may be deceived? If we believe that the prophecies of Zechariah and Isaiah were given by the God of Israel, then these are the messages from the Divine that were prophesied to be fulfilled in the future centuries until the time of the end is completed and the Great Day of the Lord begins.
Shalom and have a Wonderful Year with our Lord!
Passover Seder – April 9, 2001
Reedited Passover – April 23, 2005
Reedited Passover – April 2, 2007
Return to Part One – “Jesus (Yahshua) as the Passover (Pesach) Lamb”
Topics
Introduction
Passover and the Festival of Unleavened Bread
The 15th day of Nissan – Passover
The Ripening of Barley in AVIV
The Sighting of the New Moon, the 1st day of Nisan
The 10th day of Nisan (Aviv) – The High Priest Selects the Passover Lamb
14th day of Nisan (Aviv) – Day of Preparation of the Passover
Eve (Eriv Pesach) of the 15th day of Nisan (Aviv) –
The First day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread or the Passover Seder
Passover at the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus
The 8th of Nisan (Aviv) – Yahshua at Bethany
The 9th of Nisan (Aviv) – Yahshua as Guest of Honor with Simon the Pharisee
The 10th of Nisan (Aviv) – Yahshua Arrives in Jerusalem as a King of the House of David
The 11th of Nisan –Yahshua Throws out the Moneychangers
The 11th to the 13th of Nisan – the Attempted Revolt by the Zealots
Return to the Beginning
Index for “Looking at the Death of Yahshua (Jesus) from the
Perspective of First Century Judaism”
Go to Part One –
“The Cosmic Passover Drama when Yahshua died on the Tree”
Go to Part Two –
“The Final Teachings of the Hasidic Master Yahshua HaMaschiach”
Go to Part Three –
“The Arrest and Interrogation of Rabbi Yahshua in the Palace of the High Priest”
Go to Part Four –
“The Trial of Yahshua (Jesus) before the Sanhedrin”
Go to Part Five –
“The Chief Priests and Elders that Presided in the Sanhedrin Trial”
Go to Part Six –
“The Trial Yahshua (Jesus) before the Roman Procurator Pontius Pilate”
Index for “The Divine Mission to Bring the “Good News” to the Gentiles”
Go to Part One –
http://biblesearchers.com/yahshua/beithillel/emden.shtml
Letter of Rabbi Jacob Emden concerning Jesus the Nazarene -
Go to Part Two –
Go to Part Three –
“The Essenes, the Hasidim and the Righteous Gentile of the Nations”
Go to Part Four –
“Jesus the Nazarene and the Pharisees of Beit Shammai”
Go to Part Five –
“The Shammaite Pharisee Shaul (Apostle Paul) and the Mission to Find the Righteous Gentiles”
Index for “The Hebrew Nazarene Ecclesia of Jerusalem”
Go to Part One
The Primitive “Apostolic” Nazarene Ecclesia
Go to Part Two
Jesus (Yahshua) and Joseph of Arimathea
Go to Part Three
The Birth of the Hebrew Nazarene Ecclesia in Jerusalem
Go to Part Four
Crisis in the Hebrew Nazarene Ecclesia –
The Sanhedrin and Rabbi Shaul are Coming
Go to Part Five
Joseph of Arimathea and the Friends of Jesus Flee to Caesarea
Go to Part Six
Final Exile of Joseph of Arimathea from Judea to the Isles of Avalon
Go to Part Seven
The Hebrew Nazarene Ecclesia after the Stoning of Stephen
Go to Part Eight
Antioch and Agrippa – The Nazarenes Evangelize the World
Go to Part Nine
The Royal Family of Caradactus and the Roman Christian Church
Go to Part Ten
The Invasion of Rome to Britain and the Exile of the Royal Silurian Family to Rome
Go to Part Eleven
Roman Senator Rufus Puden, the Palladium Britannica and the First Bishop of Rome
Go to Part Twelve
Nero’s Persecution of the Jews and the Deaths of Paul and Peter
Go to Part Thirteen
The Death, Tomb and Ossuary of James the Just brother of Jesus, the high priest of the Nazarenes
Go to Part Fourteen
Murder of James the Just and the Blood Libel of “The Jews”, the House of Ananus
Go to Part Fifteen
Symeon ben Clopus, high priest of the Nazarenes, the cousin of Jesus
Go to Part Sixteen
The Royal Davidian and Priestly Zadokian lineage of Jesus, James the Just and Simeon ben Cleopas
Go to Part Seventeen
The “Prophetic Omens” that Began on the Death of Yahshua
Forty Years before the Destruction of Jerusalem
Go to Part Eighteen
Jesus the Nazarene and the Pharisees of the School of Shammai
Go to Part Nineteen
The Excommunication of the Nazarene Christians by the Sanhedrin of Yavneh
Go to Part Twenty
The Last of the Nazarenes and the Desposyni (“The Lord’s Kin”)
Index for “Spring Jewish Festivals – Passover and Pentecost”
“Looking at the Death of Yahshua (Jesus) from the Perspective of First Century Judaism”
Go to Part One -
“The Cosmic Passover Drama when Yahshua died on the Tree”
Go to Part Two -
“The Final Teachings of the Hasidic Master Yahshua HaMaschiach”
Go to Part Three -
“The Arrest and Interrogation of Rabbi Yahshua in the Palace of the High Priest”
Go to Part Four -
“The Trial of Yahshua (Jesus) before the Sanhedrin”
Go to Part Six -
“The Chief Priests and Elders that Presided in the Sanhedrin Trial”
Go to Part Five -
“The Trial Yahshua (Jesus) before the Roman Procurator Pontius Pilate”
“Catastrophes and the Time of the End”
Go to Part One -
Jesus’ Death, the Earthquake and the Omens to ‘The Jews’
Go to Part Two -
The Earthquake and the Restoration of “The Land”
Go to Part Three -
“Looking backwards to the Redemption during the Exodus – Looking forward to the Restoration by the Messiah”
Go to Part One -
“Jesus (Yahshua) as the Passover (Pesach) Lamb”
Go to Part Two -
“The Prophetic Implications of the Passover, and the Hebrew Festival Cycle”
When does the First Month of Nissan (Aviv) Begin?
News Moons and Barley - Preparation for the Festival Seasons of the Lord
The Epic Drama on the Passion of The Christ
“The Passion and The Christ” – A Two Edged Sword
Message from BibleSearchers
BibleSearchers scans the world for information that has relevance on the time of the end. It is our prayer that this will allow the believers in the Almighty One of Israel to “watch and be ready”. Our readiness has nothing to do trying to halt the progression of evil on our planet earth. In our readiness, we seek to be prepared for the coming of the Messiah of Israel so that goodness and evil will be manifested in its fullest. Our preparation is a pathway of spiritual readiness for a world of peace. Our defender is the Lord of hosts. The time of the end suggests that the Eternal One of Israel’s intent is to close out this chapter of earth’s history so that the perpetrators of evil, those that seek power, greed and control, will be eliminated from this planet earth. The wars of the heavens are being played out on this planet earth and humans will live through it to testify of the might, power, justice and the love of the God of Israel. In a world of corruption and disinformation, we cannot always know what the historical truth is and who is promoting evil or mis-information. We cannot guarantee our sources but we will always seek to portray trends that can be validated in the Torah and the testimony of the prophets of the Old and the New Testament.
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